Solvation of 1-Amino-4-Hydroxy-9,10-Anthraquinone Governs Its Electrochemical Behavior in Non-Aqueous and Aqueous Media: A Cyclic Voltammetry Study

The electrochemical behavior of 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (1-AHAQ) was studied in acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. In such solvents 1-AHAQ undergoes successive two one-electron reduction forming semiquinone and quinone dianion respectively in which the first step is completely reversible and the second step is quasi-reversible. The reduction and oxidation potentials are dependent on the polarity of the media. The electrochemical parameters are evaluated and correlated with the polarity index of the media. During such reductions a comproportionation reaction operates between the quinone (1-AHAQ) and its dianion (1-AHAQ 2-) to form a semiquinone radical (1-AHAQ • -). The apparent comproportionation constants are calculated to find a comparative account on the stability of the radical intermediate in such solvents. In the presence of benzoic acid the electrochemical behavior of 1-AHAQ is altered significantly which is determined in this study. Role of the polarity of the solvents, intra or intermolecular hydrogen bonding and acidic additives on the stability of the radical species is evaluated. In aqueous buffer the reduction of 1-AHAQ follows a one step two-electron process where a kinetic study was carried out to determine the apparent charge transfer rate constants at various scan rates. The results show that electrochemical behavior of 1-AHAQ in non-aqueous and aqueous media mimics the action of anthracycline anticancer drugs which may find a similarity in their biological activities at the cellular level. Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, carminomycin, aclacinomycin, nogalamycin, etc., are some of the important chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of various forms of human cancers. 1-4 Since their discovery, studies on anthracycline antibiotics have been actively pursued for their anticancer activity and mechanism of drug action. Most of these studies on anthracyclines and its metal complexes concentrate on the interaction with DNA. 5-8 Some studies showed that the sugar moiety present in these drugs help in the recognition of cancer cells. 9,10 At the same time, the presence of the sugar moiety on the aliphatic side chain attached to the hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone in these molecules makes them so costly that it is not always possible for many to continue treatment using this category of drugs. This is particularly true for the people affected with cancer residing in the developing countries. Though there is very wide application of anthracyclines in cancer chemotherapy the above mentioned aspects are very unfortunate and needs serious consideration. Efforts are therefore on to find out new but cheaper analogues and derivatives of anthracycline drugs. In several studies 18 It is used for the treatment of breast cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia and lymphoma. Mitoxantrone induces compaction of isolated chromatin, 19 protein associated DNA cleavage 20 and inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Although several studies on hydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinones 18-22 were extensively carried out the other amino hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones have not been seriously investigated as a possible substitute of anthracycline anticancer drugs. However, the major limitation of the use of anthracycline drugs includes their acute and chronic toxicities, of which cardiotoxicity is an aspect that requires most attention. • -and then Q 2− . The formal potentials for these reduction steps depend upon the polarity of the solvent, 32-35 the nature of the cation of the supporting electrolyte How the hydrogen bonding affects the stability of electrogenerated quinone radicals and hence mechanism of the electrochemical reaction were extensively investigated by I. González, F. González, N. MaciasRuvalcaba and their groups in several studies. 51 The focus of our study is to find out whether 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone which is much less costly, mimics the electrochemical behavior and hence the mechanism of drug action of the anthracyclines. The present study concentrates on the detailed electrochemical behavior of 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone (1-AHAQ), an analogue of the core unit of anthracycline drugs, using cyclic voltammetry in non-aqueous and aqueous solvents. Th

Evaluation of Code-based Signature Schemes

Code-based cryptographic schemes recently raised to prominence as quantum-safe alternatives to the currently employed number-theoretic constructions, which do not resist quantum attacks. In this article, we discuss the Courtois-Finiasz-Sendrier signature scheme and derive code-based signature schemes using the Fiat-Shamir transformation from code-based zero-knowledge identification schemes, namely the Stern scheme, the Jain-Krenn-Pietrzak-Tentes scheme, and the Cayrel-Veron-El Yousfi scheme. We analyze the security of these code-based signature schemes and derive the security parameters to achieve the 80-bit and 128-bit level of classical security. To derive the secure parameters, we have studied the hardness of Syndrome Decoding Problem. Furthermore, we implement the signature schemes, based on the Fiat-Shamir transform, which were mentioned above, and compare their performance on a PC

Solubility and transfer Gibbs free energetics of glycine, DL-alanine, DL-nor-valine and DL-serine in aqueous sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride solutions at 298.15 K

The experimental saturated solubilities of glycine, DL-alanine, DL-nor-valine and DL-serine in aqueous mixtures of NaF and KF solutions at 298.15 K are measured by using an analytical ‘formol titrimetry’ method. Subsequently, the standard transfer Gibbs free energy, enthalpy for cavity formation, Gibbs free energy for cavity formation and Gibbs free energy for dipole-dipole interaction have been computed. The chemical contribution for the standard transfer Gibbs free energies for the experimental amino acids have been obtained by subtracting the cavity effects and dipole-dipole interaction effects from the total standard transfer Gibbs free energy (∆ (i)). The stability of the studied amino acids in aqueous NaF and KF in terms of thermodynamic parameters are discussed and compared

An Efficient tt-Cheater Identifiable Secret Sharing Scheme with Optimal Cheater Resiliency

In this paper, we present an efficient $k$-out-of-$n$ secret sharing scheme, which can identify up to $t$ rushing cheaters, with probability at least $1 - \epsilon$, where $0<\epsilon<1/2$, provided $t < k/2$. This is the optimal number of cheaters that can be tolerated in the setting of public cheater identification, on which we focus in this work. In our scheme, the set of all possible shares $V_i$ satisfies the condition that $|V_i|= \frac{(t+1)^{2n+k-3}|S|}{\epsilon^{2n+k-3}}$, where $S$ denotes the set of all possible secrets. In PODC-2012, Ashish Choudhury came up with an efficient $t$-cheater identifiable $k$-out-of-$n$ secret sharing scheme, which was a solution of an open problem proposed by Satoshi Obana in EUROCRYPT-2011. The share size, with respect to a secret consisting of one field element, of Choudhury\u27s proposal in PODC-2012 is $|V_i|=\frac{(t+1)^{3n}|S|}{\epsilon^{3n}}$. Therefore, our scheme presents an improvement in share size over the above construction. Hence, to the best of our knowledge, our proposal currently has the minimal share size among existing efficient schemes with optimal cheater resilience, in the case of a single secret